Study design. This cross-sectional study was carried out between March and April 1996, in two sub-villages of Johor-Baru sub-district in Central-Jakarta. The Johor-Baru sub-district had a total population of ;108,000 persons and a population density of ;40,000 people/ km2. The population of the two sub-villages from which the subjects were selected was ;51,700, of which an estimated 4,400 people were older than 60 y. Environmental sanitation in the study area was poor, with most households having an open drainage system. The majority of households belonged to the low socioeconomic class. Subjects. Subjects were randomly selected from a list obtained from the municipality including all inhabitants who were aged from 60 to 75 y. Excluded were those elderly with a serious illness, whowere immobile, and who were institutionalized. Furthermore, a cognitive test was conducted among the potential subjects to ensure that they would be able to answer questionnaires. This test consisted offive simple cognitive questions and five questions on food identification, making a total of 10 questions. Subjects were considered eligible for the study if they could provide correct answers to five questions or more. A total of 204 subjects were enrolled in the study. Home visits were undertaken by the interviewers with the assistance of local aides to contact these 204 subjects. All subjects agreed to participate in and successfully completed the study. Written consent was obtained from each subject prior to the commencement of the study. Questionnaire. Selected information on socioeconomic status, lifestyle and health status was collected using a precoded questionnaire. Habitual food intake was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Subjects were asked about 71 food items. Food models and pictures were used for identification of the foods. Each food had a corresponding serving portion, and each serving portion had a corresponding weight. The amount of foods consumed was quantified by multiplying the daily frequency of consumption by the number of serving portions consumed and thier corresponding weights. The Indonesian (Departemen Kesehatan R. I. 1991) food composition tables were used to convert foods into nutrients. AEuropean food composition table (Holland et al. 1993) was used to obtain vitamin B-12 and folic acid intakes because information on these nutrients is not available in the Indonesian food composition tables. Nutrient analysis was done using the computer program DEMETER 1.5 (Northern Technical Data, Winnipeg). A qualitative question (with yes or no responses) was used to assess supplement intake.Anthropometric measurement. Anthropometric measurements consisted of weight, height, arm span and skinfolds of biceps, triceps, supra-iliac, and sub-scapula. Between 8.00 and 10.00 h, weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using a platform model electronic weighing scale (SECA 770 Alpha, Hamburg, Germany). During the measurement, subjects were wearing a minimum of clothing for which no correction was made. Stature was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a microtoise (Stanley Mabo, London, UK), with the subject  standing as erect as possible with the back against a wall.

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